Unit 4A: HELPING OUT

Unit description

This unit focuses on people who have helped others out. Learners will watch a video clip in which a neighbor offers help to his new neighbor. They will listen to and take part in a dialogue in which a student asks for help with an assignment, and will read a story about someone helping out a friend. The grammar section deals with a review of the Past Perfect, and Reported Speech - statements and questions.

Contents

1. Past Perfect Review  2. Reported speech. Statements and Questions  3. Vocabulary: Home repairs

1. Past Perfect Review

PASADO PERFECTO USO:  Se utiliza para enfatizar la diferencia temporal entre dos estados, acciones o hechos en el pasado que se mencionan en la misma oración. Por lo general empleamos el pretérito perfecto si queremos enfatizar que un hecho o estado aconteció antes que otro. EJEMPLO: "I was really surprised when I met Fred at Jill's party last week. I hadn't seen him for five years, and he looked really different. I asked him what he'd been doing since we left school, but he didn't tell me. Then somebody told me he'd been in prison..." PASADO PERFECTO SIMPLE USO:  Se utiliza para enfatizar que un hecho aconteció antes que otro (conectado mediante conjunciones como WHEN y BEFORE) o en el modo indirecto, cuando el "verbo informante" está en pasado y la afirmación o idea "original" estaba en pretérito, presente perfecto o pretérito perfecto. FORMA: AFIRMATIVO [SUJETO + HAD (+Adverbio) + Past Participle[V3]...] HAD NOT/HADN'T EJEMPLOS: "She had just arrived when he came in." "We had already eaten by the time they arrived." "The opera had just begun when we arrived." "I had never been in love until I met you!" VOZ REPORTADA  [TIEMPO PASADO + (THAT) + PASADO PERFECTO] EJEMPLOS: "I thought (that) you'd already seen this." "She said (that) she'd never met me before." PASADO PERFECTO PROGRESIVO USO: Se utiliza para hablar de acciones o estados continuos que continuan hasta un momento dado del pasado. FORMA: [SUJETO + HAD/HAD NOT + BEEN + VERB + ING...](HADN'T) EJEMPLOS: "I'd been waiting for an hour when the train pulled in." "He hadn't been studying much until he failed his first exam." "They'd been waiting for two hours when the bus finally arrived."

2. Reported speech. Statements and Questions

VOZ REPORTADA O INDIRECTA: FRASES Y PREGUNTAS USO: Informar de o describir afirmaciones/ideas o preguntas sin utilizar las palabras exactas del hablante. FORM: La oración principal contiene el "verbo informante o interrogativo": VERBOS DE REPORTE : SAY, TELL, PROMISE, KNOW, BELIEVE, THINK, CLAIM, etc. VERBOS DE PREGUNTA : ASK, WONDER, WANT/WOULD LIKE TO KNOW La frase sustantiva contiene la aseveración o pregunta de la cual se informa. Para afirmaciones, utilizamos la conjunción THAT, que se omite en el inglés informal. [ORACION PRINCIPAL + (THAT) + ORACION SUSTANTIVA] EJEMPLOS: "Mr. Jones says (that) he'll call later." "She said (that) she was leaving." "I'm sorry, Mr. Jones says (that) he is too busy to talk to you." "Everybody tells me (that) I should stop smoking." En las preguntas utilizamos IF (Yes/No Questions) o WHO, WHAT, WHEN, WHY, WHERE, HOW, HOW Observa que el verbo de la oración sustantiva toma la forma afirmativa o negativa normal y no la interrogativa. A menudo utilizamos "preguntas dobles" con ASK, TELL o KNOW para solicitar de forma cortés una información. "May I ask what your name is?" es más cortés que "What's your name?" [ORACION PRINCIPAL + IF or WH-WORD + ORACION SUSTANTIVA] EJEMPLOS: "He's asking you if you like chocolate." "Please ask him who that boy is." "I wonder why the President didn't go to Rome." "Do you know how many windows were broken." "Could you tell me where the station is?"

3. Vocabulary: Home repairs